# Thymosin Alpha-1 References: The Cited Research Literature

> Thymosin Alpha-1 references: the full cited literature behind this appraisal, with DOIs and PubMed links — Goldstein 1977, the ETASS and null TESTS sepsis trials, hepatitis B meta-analyses, and more.

Every citation used across this site, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers.

## The cited record

These are the primary sources behind the Thymosin Alpha-1 appraisal on this site. Each carries a DOI or PubMed identifier so the claim can be verified at the source. The list spans the foundational characterization, the mechanism work, the sepsis and COVID-19 trials, the hepatitis B meta-analyses, and the autoimmune-tolerance studies that anchor this site's lens. Where the literature is heterogeneous or a result was null, the body pages say so explicitly rather than smoothing it over.

## References

[1] Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/265536/
[2] Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327199/
[3] Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39814420/
[4] Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33362999/
[5] Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16741252/
[6] Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32442287/
[7] Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31555601/
[8] Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27350088/
[9] Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Perez S, Kokkinopoulos D, Papamichail M. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology. 1987;13(2):133-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2954929/
[10] Hou F, Huang JM, Zhang R, Li L, Li G. [An experimental study on the regulation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase signaling pathway by thymosin alpha1 for improving the immunosuppression mediated by T cell]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2011;49(3):181-185. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21575365/
[11] Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, et al. Thymosin-α1 expands deficient IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subsets in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2018;24(2):127-139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28273784/
[12] Renga G, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. Thymosin α1 protects from CTLA-4 intestinal immunopathology. Life Sci Alliance. 2020;3(10):e202000662. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817121/
[13] Yang YF, Zhao W, Zhong YD, et al. Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis. Virol J. 2009;6:63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19467157/
[14] Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B (Cochrane systematic review protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;3:CD014610. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929401/
[15] Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36933449/

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Thymosin Alpha-1 Reviews is an evidence-appraisal desk that weighs the published thymalfasin record — strongest in chronic hepatitis B, null in the largest sepsis trial — held by no clinic and selling no product.