Study papers · ways to find them
Where can you find the Thymosin Alpha-1 references?
You can match each claim to one paper and use its lookup link or number to find it.
How can you use this list of study papers?
The list starts with Goldstein’s work on Thymosin Alpha-1. His group wanted to learn which small thymus part affected immune cells. Later papers tested the compound in people.
You can use the list to check each number on the site. A DOI is a lasting web address for a paper. PubMed is a US list of medical papers, and its number helps you find one exact paper. The list covers cell work, sepsis, COVID-19, hepatitis B, and immune disease.
Some studies were small or gave mixed answers. The page that cites each paper tells you about those limits. We don’t hide a failed result. Think of this as the source box beside a newspaper report.
- Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
- Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
- Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
- Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
- Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
- Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
- Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
- Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Perez S, Kokkinopoulos D, Papamichail M. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology. 1987;13(2):133-141. ↗
- Hou F, Huang JM, Zhang R, Li L, Li G. [An experimental study on the regulation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase signaling pathway by thymosin alpha1 for improving the immunosuppression mediated by T cell]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2011;49(3):181-185. ↗
- Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, et al. Thymosin-α1 expands deficient IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subsets in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2018;24(2):127-139. ↗
- Renga G, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. Thymosin α1 protects from CTLA-4 intestinal immunopathology. Life Sci Alliance. 2020;3(10):e202000662. ↗
- Yang YF, Zhao W, Zhong YD, et al. Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis. Virol J. 2009;6:63. ↗
- Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B (Cochrane systematic review protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;3:CD014610. ↗
- Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. ↗